Energy price shocks and milk price adjustments

Much previous research on energy price transmission sheds light on the relationship between oil prices and aggregate commodity prices, such as for agricultural products, or food price indexes. This letter uses data from 12 U.S. cities between 2001 and 2011 to examine how energy prices are transmitted to fluid milk products at the retail level. Results indicate the existence of an asymmetric energy pass-through (a rise is transmitted faster than a fall in prices) and that private label milk products are more insulated from energy price shocks and adjust at similar rate with national manufacturer brands.     

Actinomycosis of the retroperitoneum and an extremity: CT features

A patient presenting with thigh and flank masses and back pain for 3 months proved to have actinomycosis involving the retroperitoneum and quadriceps muscle. Retroperitoneal involvement without intraperitoneal disease is rare. Computed tomography (CT), however, showed disease transgressing adjacent anatomic compartments with direct extension through the body wall and involvement of adjacent bony structures which is characteristic of actinomycosis.     

The Use of Composite Price Expectations In Supply Response Models

This paper advocates the use of composite price expectation models in which alternative expectation hypotheses are simultaneously considered in the estimating model. This approach allows flexibility in expectation specification, recognizes that agents may use historical as well as current market information, and provides endogenous weights and testing for alternative expectation specifications within the model being estimated. Data on the northeastern United States' fresh tomato market were used to estimate a simultaneous equation market model under alternative price expectation structures. These included rational expectations hypothesis, Cobweb, and composite price expectation models. Empirical results suggest that a composite expectation model is consistent with data and that they provide significantly more accurate ex ante price forecasts than pure rational expectations or lagged response models. Furthermore, performance of alternative statistical tests on model results indicated that log likelihood tests are not definitive, requiring the use of other statistics to evaluate the expectation models in question. A central conclusion emerging from this paper is the consideration of alternative expectation hypotheses as complementary information sources to decision makers rather than substitute or competing sources as previously postulated. Cette étude préconise l'usage d'un modéle d'expectation composite de prix dans lequel des hypothèses d'expectation alternative sont considérées simultanément dans le modèle d'estimation. Cette approche donne de la flexibilité quant à la spécification des expectations, reconnait que les agents utilisent des informations historiques de même que celles qui proviennent du marché courant, et pourvoie des coefficients endogènes aussi bien que des tests pour les spécifications d'expectation alternative a l'intérieur même du modèle en cours d'estimation. Des données du marché de tomates du nord-est des États-Unis d'Amérique ont éte utilisées pour estimer un modGle de marche avec des hypothesès différentes d'expectation de prix, représenté par un système d‘équations simultanées. Les hypothèses comprennent l'Hypothèse d'Expectation Rationelle, “Cobweb,” et les modèles d'expectations composites de prix. Les résultats empiriques suggèrent que les modèles d'expectations composites de prix sont en accord avec les données et qu'ils pourvoient des prévisions de prix ex ante significativement plus précises que les modèles de pures Expectations Rationelles de même que ceux basés sur la rèponse retardée. En plus, la performance des tests statistiques sur les résultats du modèle indique que les tests de probabilite (“likelihood”) ne sont pas définitives, requérant ainsi l'usage d'autres statistiques pour évaluer les modèles d'expectation en question. Une conclusion centrale émanant de cette étude est la considération des hypothèses d'expectation alternative comme sources complémentaires pour formuler des décisions, plutôt que des sources substitutives ou rivales comme postulé auparavant.     

Who Benefits from Industrial Concentration? Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing

This article estimates the impact of industrial concentration on aggregate welfare as well as consumer and producer surpluses taking into account market power and cost efficiency effects. Using a sample of 232 U.S. manufacturing industries, empirical results indicate that an across-the-board increase in concentration would enhance aggregate welfare in 69 % of the industries due to widespread efficiency gains, although these accrue mostly to producers and are not passed on to consumers. Further results indicate that greater concentration is likely to enhance aggregate welfare in industries with low or moderate initial concentration that exhibit economies of scale and have greater exposure to international trade. However, consumers benefit only from increased concentration in industries whose initial levels are low and which face more import competition, lower exports and smaller markets. Producers benefit in symmetrically opposite ways, except for the case of low initial levels of concentration. In the absence of government intervention, Pareto improvements wherein everyone benefits from greater concentration are only guaranteed in industries with low levels of initial concentration in which efficiency gains yield price reductions that benefit consumers as well as producers.     

An experimental method for studying unconscious perception in a marketing context

This article provides in‐depth discussion of a recently developed method designed to foster the elicitation and detection of unconscious perception. Prior findings coupled with additional studies and analyses support the value of this method as a tool for studying unconscious perception in a marketing context. The method can both divert subjects' conscious attention away from experimental stimuli and provide a separate indicator of where subjects' attentive resources are being allocated during exposure. Moreover, it is easy to use and flexibly applied in an experimental setting. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.